Rezime
Pandan de (2) syèk ki sot pase yo, koze lang se yon eleman ki patisipe nan bati yon sosyete mi wo mi ba ann Ayiti. Depi lè nasyon an pran nesans, moun ki gen pouvwa erije tèt yo an reprezantan e defansè aparèy kiltirèl ansyen kolon yo. Kon sa, moun sa yo rive jwenn mwayen politik pou enpoze lang ak kilti fransè a antan y ap toupizi lang kreyòl la ak tout moun ki pale li. Nan atik sa a, nou chita sou analiz dispozitif legal ak règlemantè (konstitisyon, amannman konstitisyonèl, kòd, lwa, dekrè) ki tabli pou kontwole lang nan peyi a depi nan moman fondasyon nasyon an pou rive jouk jounen jodi a. An plis, nou apiye sou done nou kolekte nan sèt entèvyou ak yon seri obsèvasyon sou jan lang itilize nan kèk espas sosyal nan peyi a. Eleman sa yo pèmèt nou fè yon analiz sosyo istorik sou kèk dispozitif ki chita sitiyasyon lengwistik mi wo mi ba nan peyi a depi lè nasyon an fonde, epi konprann wòl lang nan pwodiksyon sosyete ayisyen an pandan plis pase de (2) syèk. Se kon sa nou rive konprann fondasyon ideyolojik ak konsekans sosyal chwa politik ki te toujou fèt sou zafè lang nan peyi a. Ann apre, nou fè yon analiz sou kèk aspè sitiyasyon lengwistik nan peyi a jounen jodi a. Kon sa, atik la tou analize jan yon seri aktè batay pou pran gouvènay sitiyasyon lengwistik peyi a epi poze aksyon, san pran souf, pou yo eseye tabli jistis lengwistik nan peyi a. Atik sa a ap ede nou konprann nesesite pou nou reflechi sou nouvo pratik konsyantizasyon endividyèl ak kolektif ki gen pou wè ak pwoblematik lang ann Ayiti.
Abstract
Over the past two centuries, language issues have been an integral part of inequalities in Haiti. From the time the nation was born, people in power who considered themselves representatives and defenders of the cultural apparatus of the former colonists have used the political means at their disposal to impose the French language and culture and to oppress the Haitian Creole language and all its speakers. In this article, we analyze the legal and regulatory provisions (constitution, constitutional amendments, codes, laws, decrees) established to control language use in Haiti over the past two hundred years. Additionally, we use data from seven interviews and observations on the use of language in certain social spaces in Haiti. These elements allow us to make a sociohistorical analysis of the devices of linguistic inequalities since the founding of the nation, and to understand the role of language in the production of Haitian society. Thus, we investigate the ideological foundation and the social consequences of political choices regarding language issues in the country. Finally, we analyze some aspects of the linguistic situation, as well as the new directions of language governance and the fight for linguistic justice in Haiti. The article helps to understand the need to problematize new individual and collective reflexivities and practices around the linguistic problematic in Haiti today.
